Subhasis Sarkar

+91 9830254664

Commerce Coaching center

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Saturday, 9 August 2025

CLPA Mock Test 01

 
MCQ Exam
75:00
Student Details

Friday, 18 April 2025

Limitations of cost accounting

 
Limitations of cost Accounting:
  1. Historical Nature Cost accounting often uses past cost data to calculate the cost of production, services, or processes. While this can help in analysis and decision-making, it may not reflect current market conditions, inflation, or future trends. Relying too heavily on historical data can lead to inaccurate predictions and decisions.

2. Estimates and Assumptions:
 Many cost elements are based on estimates—like the expected life of machinery (for depreciation), normal capacity for allocating overhead, or standard labor hours. These assumptions may not always be accurate, which can result in misleading cost data and affect decisions like pricing or budgeting.

 3. No Uniformity:
 Cost accounting lacks standardized practices or rules (unlike financial accounting which follows IFRS or GAAP). Different businesses may use different methods for costing (e.g., job costing, process costing, marginal or absorption costing), which makes inter-firm comparisons unreliable.

 4. Expensive and Time-Consuming:
 Implementing a detailed cost accounting system involves setting up separate records, trained staff, and software systems. For small and medium businesses, the cost of maintaining a cost accounting system can outweigh the benefits. It also requires continuous updates and monitoring. 

 5. Complexity Cost:
 accounting involves detailed procedures like cost allocation, apportionment, variance analysis, and budgeting. These processes can be complex and difficult to understand for those without specialized training, leading to errors or misuse of data.

 6. Possibility of Manipulation:
 Because cost accounting uses judgments and estimations, there’s a risk that data can be manipulated to show desired results—such as inflating profits, hiding inefficiencies, or achieving internal performance targets. This can harm the business in the long term.

 7. Ignores Qualitative Factors:
 Cost accounting focuses only on quantifiable financial data. It does not consider qualitative aspects like employee satisfaction, brand reputation, innovation, or customer feedback—all of which are important for long-term business success.

 8. Not Suitable for External Reporting:
 Cost accounting is primarily used for internal management decisions. It doesn't comply with financial reporting standards and therefore can’t be used for preparing financial statements for investors, regulators, or other external stakeholders.

 9. Inflexible for Rapid Changes:
 In a dynamic market, costs can change rapidly (raw material prices, labor rates, etc.). Cost accounting systems often fail to adapt quickly, leading to outdated cost structures and delayed decision-making. 

 10. Narrow Focus:
 It emphasizes cost control and reduction, sometimes at the expense of other objectives like innovation, employee welfare, or customer satisfaction. This cost-centered approach might limit the broader strategic growth of a company. 

 āĻĒāϰিāĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦāύিāĻ•াāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āϏুāĻŦিāϧাঃ

 ā§§. āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰঃ
 Cost Accounting āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ…āϤীāϤেāϰ āĻ–āϰāϚেāϰ āϤāĻĨ্āϝেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে। āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āĻāϟি āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖে āϏāĻšা⧟āĻ•, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāϟি āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻŦাāϜাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি, āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰাāϏ্āĻĢীāϤি, āĻŦা āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤা āϏāĻ িāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĢāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āύা। āĻ…āϤীāϤেāϰ āϤāĻĨ্āϝেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻŦেāĻļি āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāϞে āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ­ুāϞ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

 ā§¨. āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āϧাāϰāύাāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰāĻļীāϞঃ
 āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ–āϰāϚ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ—āϝেāĻŽāύ āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻĒাāϤিāϰ āĻ†ā§Ÿুāώ্āĻ•াāϞ (depreciation-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ), āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা (overhead āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ), āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āϏ্āϟ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄাāϰ্āĻĄ āϞেāĻŦাāϰ āϘāύ্āϟা। āĻāχ āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āύা-āĻ“ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āϝাāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻŦিāĻ­্āϰাāύ্āϤিāĻ•āϰ āĻ–āϰāϚেāϰ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āϤৈāϰি āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

 ā§Š. āĻ•োāύ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻŽাāύāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āύেāχঃ
 Cost Accounting-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύ āφāύ্āϤāϰ্āϜাāϤিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ—ৃāĻšীāϤ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻŦা āĻŽাāύ āύেāχ (āϝেāĻŽāύ GAAP āĻŦা IFRS)। āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϤে āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻ•āϰে (āϝেāĻŽāύ job costing, process costing, marginal costing), āĻĢāϞে āĻāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻ…āύ্āϝāϟিāϰ āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻ•āĻ িāύ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝা⧟। 

 ā§Ē. āĻŦ্āϝāϝ়āĻŦāĻšুāϞ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώঃ
 āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖাāĻ™্āĻ— Cost Accounting āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āφāϞাāĻĻা āϰেāĻ•āϰ্āĻĄ, āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ āϜāύāĻŦāϞ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻĢāϟāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ›োāϟ āĻŦা āĻŽাāĻাāϰি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻāϟি āĻŦ্āϝāϝ়āĻŦāĻšুāϞ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āϰāĻ•্āώāĻŖাāĻŦেāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϏাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώ। 

 ā§Ģ. āϜāϟিāϞāϤাঃ
 āĻāχ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϤে cost allocation, cost apportionment, variance analysis, budgeting āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϜāϟিāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়া āϜāĻĄ়িāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āĻšā§Ÿ, āύāϤুāĻŦা āĻ­ুāϞেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝা⧟। 

 ā§Ŧ. āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা ঃ
Cost Accounting-āĻ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟, āχāϚ্āĻ›াāĻ•ৃāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰা āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ—āϝেāĻŽāύ āϞাāĻ­ āĻŦা⧜ি⧟ে āĻĻেāĻ–াāύো, āĻ…āĻĻāĻ•্āώāϤা āϞুāĻ•াāύো, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϰিāĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āϏাāϜাāύো। āĻāϟি āĻĻীāϰ্āϘāĻŽেāϝ়াāĻĻে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। 

 ā§­. āĻ—ুāĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻĻিāĻ• āωāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿঃ
 āĻāχ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϤে āĻļুāϧু āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āĻĻিāĻ• (quantifiable data) āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽী āϏāύ্āϤুāώ্āϟি, āĻŦ্āϰ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻŽāϰ্āϝাāĻĻা, āωāĻĻ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύ, āĻŦা āĻ—্āϰাāĻšāĻ• āϏāύ্āϤুāώ্āϟিāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ—ুāĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻāĻ–াāύে āωāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। 

 ā§Ž. āĻŦাāĻš্āϝিāĻ• āϰিāĻĒোāϰ্āϟিং-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āύ⧟ঃ
 Cost Accounting āĻļুāϧু āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ। āĻāϟি āĻ•োāύো āφāύ্āϤāϰ্āϜাāϤিāĻ• āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āĻŽাāύāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ (āϝেāĻŽāύ GAAP āĻŦা IFRS) āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āύা, āϤাāχ āĻāϟি āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻ—āĻ•াāϰী āĻŦা āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻ• āϏংāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āϰিāĻĒোāϰ্āϟিং⧟েāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟ āύা। 

 ā§¯. āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻ–াāĻĒ āĻ–াāĻ“ā§ŸাāϤে āĻ…āĻ•্āώāĻŽঃ
 āĻŦাāϜাāϰেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে (āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞেāϰ āĻĻাāĻŽ, āĻļ্āϰāĻŽ āĻ–āϰāϚ)। Cost Accounting āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāχ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻ–াāĻĒ āĻ–াāĻ“ā§ŸাāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āύা, āĻĢāϞে āĻĒুāϰোāύো āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύে⧟া āĻšā§Ÿ।

 ā§§ā§Ļ. āϏীāĻŽিāϤ āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—িঃ
 āĻāχ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ•āĻŽাāύো āĻŦা āύি⧟āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāϤে āωāĻĻ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύ, āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽী āĻ•āϞ্āϝাāĻŖ, āĻŦা āĻ—্āϰাāĻšāĻ• āϏāύ্āϤুāώ্āϟিāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒাāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ…āĻŦāĻšেāϞিāϤ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻĢāϞে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏাāϰ āĻĻীāϰ্āϘāĻŽে⧟াāĻĻী āĻ•ৌāĻļāϞāĻ—āϤ āωāύ্āύ⧟āύ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।

Objectives of cost accounting

 



Objectives of Cost Accounting:

  1. Determining Cost of Production: The primary goal of cost accounting is to calculate the cost involved in producing a product or service. This includes raw materials, labor, and overheads. Knowing the cost helps businesses set appropriate selling prices.

  2. Cost Control:  Cost accounting helps monitor and control costs by comparing actual costs with standard or budgeted costs. Variances are analyzed to take corrective actions, thereby reducing unnecessary expenses.

  3. Cost Reduction:  Beyond controlling costs, cost accounting aims to find long-term methods to reduce them. This might include process improvements, waste minimization, or better resource utilization.

  4. Profitability Analysis: It helps determine the profit earned from each product, service, or department. This helps management focus on profitable segments and take decisions regarding less profitable or loss-making ones.

  5. Budgeting and Planning: Cost accounting provides data for preparing budgets and future financial plans. It helps forecast costs and revenues, aiding in decision-making and long-term planning.

  6. Inventory Valuation:  Accurate costing helps in valuing raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods. This ensures correct reporting of inventory in financial statements.

  7. Assisting Management in Decision-Making:  Cost data supports various decisions like pricing, product mix, outsourcing, or expansion. It provides a factual basis for choosing the most cost-effective options.

  8. Cost Audit and Compliance:  Cost accounting ensures that cost records are maintained as per regulatory requirements. It supports audits and helps in meeting statutory obligations, especially in regulated industries.

  9. Measurement of Efficiency:  By analyzing costs and output, cost accounting helps in evaluating the efficiency of labor, machinery, and departments. This can highlight areas for improvement or rewards.

  10. Fixation of Selling Price: Knowing the cost of production helps in determining the minimum price at which a product can be sold without incurring a loss. It ensures competitive and profitable pricing.


āĻĒāϰিāĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦেāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝāϏāĻŽূāĻš :

  1. āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ–āϰāϚ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖঃ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻšāϞো āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝ āĻŦা āϏেāĻŦা āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύে āĻŽোāϟ āĻ•āϤ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϤা āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা। āĻāϤে āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞ, āĻļ্āϰāĻŽ, āĻ“āĻ­াāϰāĻšেāĻĄ āϏāĻŦ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻāχ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰ⧟āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে।

  2. āĻ–āϰāϚ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖঃ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ“ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰিāϤ āĻ–āϰāϚেāϰ āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰে āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ•োāĻĨাāϝ় āĻŦেāĻļি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϤা āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϏে āĻ…āύুāϝাāϝ়ী āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āύেāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়। āĻāϟি āĻ…āĻĒāϚāϝ় āϰোāϧে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে।

  3. āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻš্āϰাāϏঃ  āĻ–āϰāϚ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি, āĻĻীāϰ্āϘāĻŽেāϝ়াāĻĻে āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ•ীāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•āĻŽাāύো āϝাāϝ় āϤা āĻŦেāϰ āĻ•āϰাāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ। āϝেāĻŽāύ: āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়াāϰ āωāύ্āύāϤি, āĻ…āĻĒāϚāϝ় āĻ•āĻŽাāύো, āĻŦা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ।

  4. āϞাāĻ­āϜāύāĻ•āϤা āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖঃ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻ•āϤāϟুāĻ•ু āϞাāĻ­ āĻāύে āĻĻিāϚ্āĻ›ে āϤা āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে। āĻāϤে āϞাāĻ­āϜāύāĻ• āĻ…ংāĻļে āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŽāύোāϝোāĻ— āĻāĻŦং āĻ•্āώāϤিāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•āĻ—ুāϞোāϤে āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āύেāĻ“āϝ়া āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāϝ়।

  5. āĻŦাāϜেāϟ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύাঃ  āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦাāϜেāϟ āϤৈāϰিāϤে āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻ•āϰে। āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦাāύুāĻŽাāύ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻĒāϰিāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻ•āϰা āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāϝ়।

  6. āĻŽāϜুāϤ āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖঃ  āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞ, āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়াāϧীāύ āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝ, āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝেāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖে āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া āϰাāĻ–ে। āĻāϟি āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦেāĻĻāύে āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύে āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻ•āϰে।

  7. āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖে āϏāĻšা⧟āϤাঃ  āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻ–āϰāϚেāϰ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύাāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύিāϤে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে, āϝেāĻŽāύ: āĻĻাāĻŽ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ, āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤ āϰাāĻ–া āĻŦা āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻ•āϰা, āύāϤুāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒ āύেāĻ“āϝ়া āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।

  8. āĻŦ্āϝāϝ় āύিāϰীāĻ•্āώা āĻ“ āύিāϝ়āĻŽ āĻŽেāύে āϚāϞাঃ  āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒে āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰিāϤ āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύুāϝাāϝ়ী āĻŦ্āϝāϝ় āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āϏংāϰāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āφāĻŦāĻļ্āϝāĻ•। āĻāϟি āύিāϰীāĻ•্āώা āĻ“ āĻŦিāϧিāĻŽাāϞা āĻŽেāύে āϚāϞাāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে।

  9. āĻĻāĻ•্āώāϤা āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻĒঃ  āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ“ āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻļ্āϰāĻŽ, āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻĒাāϤি āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•াāϰিāϤা āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়। āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āωāύ্āύāϤিāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āĻŦা āĻĒুāϰāϏ্āĻ•াāϰেāϰ āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤāϤা āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

  10. āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰ⧟āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖঃ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ–āϰāϚ āϜাāύা āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āύ্āϝূāύāϤāĻŽ āϞাāĻ­āϜāύāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰ⧟āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϝোāĻ—িāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āϞাāĻ­āϜāύāĻ• āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāϝ়।

Tuesday, 6 April 2021

Class XII Accountancy SAQ with answers :

āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰি āϚুāĻ•্āϤিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে?

āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰি āĻ•াāϰāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰāϰা āύিāϜেāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϚুāĻ•্āϤিāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻšāϝ়ে āϝে āĻĻāϞিāϞ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰি āϚুāĻ•্āϤিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻŦāϞে। āϚুāĻ•্āϤিāχ āĻšāϞো āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰী āĻ•াāϰāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āϚুāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦ্āϝāϤীāϤ āĻ•োāύো āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰী āĻ•াāϰāĻŦাāϰ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ় āύা।


āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ ( Fixed Capital Account ) āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে?

āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύāĻ–াāϤে āϝāĻ–āύ āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āύিāϝ়োāϜিāϤ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύেāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āϞেāĻ–া āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĻেāύা āĻĒাāĻ“āύা āϏংāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āĻ•োāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āϞেāĻ–া āĻšāϝ় āύা āĻāĻŦং āύিāϝ়োāϜিāϤ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏাāϝ āϚāϞাāĻ•াāϞীāύ āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āĻ…āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāχ āϜাāϤীāϝ় āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻ–াāϤ āĻ•ি āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়।


āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύāĻļীāϞ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ (Fluctuating Capital Account) āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে?

āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦāĻ–াāϤেāϰ āϝāĻ–āύ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āύিāϝ়োāϜিāϤ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύāϏāĻš āĻĻেāύাāĻĒাāĻ“āύা āĻ“ āωāϤ্āϤোāϞāύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•িāϤ āϝাāĻŦāϤীāϝ় āϞেāύāĻĻেāύ āϞেāĻ– āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞāϧāύেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāχ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšāϝ়, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ“āχ āϜাāϤীāϝ় āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦāĻ–াāϤāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύāĻļীāϞ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦāĻ–াāϤ āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়।


āϚāϞāϤি āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ (Current Account)  āĻ•ি?

āϝে āĻšিāϏাāĻŦāĻ–াāϤে āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāϜিāϤ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻ›াāĻĄ়া, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϝাāĻŦāϤীāϝ় āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻেāϝ় āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻ•ে āϞিāĻĒিāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āϤাāĻ•ে āϚāϞāϤি āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻŦāϞে।


āϏ্āĻŦāϝ়ং āϏৃāώ্āϟ āϏুāύাāĻŽ (Self generated Goodwill) āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে?

āĻĻীāϰ্āϘāĻĻিāύ āĻ•াāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞāύাāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻ•াāϰāĻŦাāϰি āĻ•াāϜāĻ•āϰ্āĻŽেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϏāĻŽাāϜে āĻ•াāϰāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϝে āϏুāύাāĻŽ āĻāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšāϝ় āϤাāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻŦāϝ়ং āϏৃāώ্āϟ āϏুāύাāĻŽ āĻŦāϞে।


āĻ…āϧিāĻŽুāύাāĻĢা (Super profit)āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে?

āĻ•াāϰāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻŽুāύাāĻĢাāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤ āĻ—āĻĄ় āĻŽুāύাāĻĢাāϰ āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ•ে āĻ…āϧিāĻŽুāύাāĻĢা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āĻ…āϧিāĻŽুāύাāĻĢা = (āĻ—āĻĄ় āĻŽুāύাāĻĢা - āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻŽুāύাāĻĢা) [Super profit = ( Average profit - normal profit)]


āϞুāĻ•্āĻ•াāϝ়িāϤ āϏুāύাāĻŽ (Hidden Goodwill) āĻ•ি?

āĻĻীāϰ্āϘāĻĻিāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏাāϝ়িāĻ• āĻ•াāϜāĻ•āϰ্āĻŽ āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞāύাāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏাāϰ āϝে āϏুāύাāĻŽ āϤৈāϰি āĻšāϝ় āϏেāϟি āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āĻŦāχāϤে āϞিāĻĒিāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰা āĻĨাāĻ•ে āύা। āϏ্āĻŦāϝ়ং āϏৃāώ্āϟ āϏুāύাāĻŽ āϞিāĻĒিāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰা āύা āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āϤাāĻ•ে āϞুāĻ•্āĻ•াāϝ়িāϤ āϏুāύাāĻŽ āĻŦāϞে।


āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ…āύুāĻĒাāϤ (Sacrificing ratio) āĻ•ি?

āĻ•োāύ āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰী āĻ•াāϰāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āύāϤুāύ āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻĒুāϰāύো āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰāϰা āϝে āĻšাāϰে āϞাāĻ­েāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ•āϰে āϤাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻĒাāϤāĻ•ে āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ…āύুāĻĒাāϤ āĻŦāϞে।



Monday, 5 April 2021

Costing SAQ with answers

ā§§.āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāϰ āĻ–āϤিāϝ়াāύ āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে?
āϝে āĻ–āϤিāϝ়াāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŽāϜুāĻĻ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻŽাāϞāĻĒāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ•āϟি āϚāϞাāϚāϞ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻŽাāϞ āĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤি, āĻŦিāϞি, āĻĢেāϰāϤ, āωāĻĻ্āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ, āϘাāϟāϤি āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϤাāϰেāĻ•েāϰ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽাāύুāϏাāϰে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āϏāĻš āϞেāĻ–া āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϜেāϰ āϟāύে āĻĻেāĻ–াāύো āĻšāϝ়, āϤাāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāϰ āĻ–āϤিāϝ়াāύ āĻŦāϞে।

⧍. āĻŦিāύāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে?
āϝে āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄে āĻŽāϜুāĻĻ āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āĻŽাāϞāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āϰাāĻ–াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰিāϤ āϤাāĻ• āĻŦা āĻŦিāύে āĻŽাāϞāĻĒāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤি, āĻŦিāϞি, āĻŽāϜুāϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­ৃāϤিāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻŦিāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āϤাāϰিāĻ–েāϰ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽাāύুāϏাāϰে āĻŽāϜুāϤ āϰāĻ•্āώāĻ• āϞিāĻ–ে āϰাāĻ–েāύ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦিāύāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻŦāϞে।

ā§Š. FIFO āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে?
āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞ āĻŦিāϞিāϰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝাāϝ়āύেāϰ āϝে āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϤে āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়, āϝে āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞ āφāĻ—ে āĻĒাāĻ“āϝ়া āĻ—েāĻ›ে āϏেāχ āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞāχ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦিāϞি āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āĻŦা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϏেāχ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāĻ•ে āφāĻ—ে āφāϏে āφāĻ—ে āϝাāϝ় (First in First out) āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি āĻŦāϞে।

ā§Ē. āϏāϰāϞāĻ—āĻĄ় āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏুāĻŦিāϧা āϞেāĻ–।
āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ—āĻŖāύা : āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻĻāϰ āĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে āĻ—āĻĄ় āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়, āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āύা, āϤাāχ āĻāχ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ—āĻŖāύাāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ–ুāĻŦ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ“ āϏāϰāϞ āĻšāϝ়।

ā§Ģ. āĻ…āϞāϏ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ•ি?
āĻ•োāύ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϚাāϰী āĻ•াāϰāĻ–াāύাāϝ় āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āϝāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻšীāύ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϝ় āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ•াāϰāĻ–াāύাāϝ় āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•া āϏāϤ্āĻŦেāĻ“ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ•াāϜে āύিāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύা, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ…āϞāϏ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻŦা āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻšীāύ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻŦāϞে।

ā§Ŧ. āĻ…āϞāϏ āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāϰ āĻĻুāϟি āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϞেāĻ–।
(i) āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϚাāϰীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ•াāϰāĻ–াāύাāϰ āĻ—েāϟ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰে āϝাāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ়;
(ii) āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ•াāϜ āĻļেāώ āĻ•āϰে āĻ…āĻĒāϰ āĻ•াāϜে āύিāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে।

ā§­. āχāωāύিāϟ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻšাāϰ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏুāĻŦিāϧা āϞেāĻ–।
āĻāχ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϤে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύেāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻ•াāϰāĻ–াāύা āϏংāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āωāĻĒāϰিāĻŦ্āϝāϝ় āϜাāύাāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāϝ়।

ā§Ž. āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰāϝ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ীāϝ় āωāĻĒāϰিāĻŦ্āϝāϝ় āĻ•ি?
āϝে āĻĒāϰোāĻ•্āώ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻিāϤ āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝেāϰ āϚাāĻšিāĻĻা āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ“ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻ“ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĄাāϰ āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻš āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰāϝ় āϏংāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āωāĻĒāϰিāĻŦ্āϝāϝ় āĻŦāϞে।

⧝. āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞেāϰ āϤাāϞিāĻ•া?
āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽোāϟ āϝে āϝে āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύ āϤাāϰ āϝে āϤাāϞিāĻ•া āχāĻž্āϜিāύিāϝ়াāϰিং āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻ•āϰেāύ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞেāϰ āϤাāϞিāĻ•া āĻŦāϞে।

ā§§ā§Ļ. āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāύ্āϤāϰ āύোāϟ āĻ•ি?
āϝে āĻĻāϞিāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻ•োāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ•াāϜ, āĻ…āϰ্āĻĄাāϰ āĻŦা āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻĒāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ, āĻ…āϰ্āĻĄাāϰ āĻŦা āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āĻŦৃāϤ্āϤ āĻŽাāϞāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāĻŖ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāύ্āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ•াঁāϚাāĻŽাāϞেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāύ্āϤāϰ āύোāϟ āĻŦāϞে।

Saturday, 30 May 2020

Partnership

Partnership:

Introduction

A partnership is a relation of mutual trust and faith. To maintain this trust, the partnership accounts must be maintained in an honest, accurate, and equitable manner. Partnership accounts should present a true and fair picture of the partnership business. For this purpose, it is necessary to study the definition of partnership as given in the Partnership Act and the relevant provisions of the Partnership Act which affect the partnership accounts. 

Definition of Partnership: Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, defines partnership as follows:
" Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all."

Features of partnership Business: 


Two or more persons: There must at least two or more persons to form a partnership. Partnership Act does not specify the maximum number of persons, but  Section 464 of the Companies Act, 2013 empowers the Central Government to prescribe the maximum number of partners in a firm but the number of partners so prescribed cannot be more than 100. The Central Government has prescribed the maximum number of partners in a firm to be 50 vide Rule 10 of the Companies (Miscellaneous) Rules, 2014. Thus, in effect, a partnership firm cannot have more than 50 members. 

Agreement: The partnership arises out of an agreement between two or more persons. Partnership comes into existence by an agreement, either written or oral.

Lawful business: The business to be carried on by a partnership must always be lawful. Business includes trade, vocation and profession.


Principal-agent relationship: Business of the partnership can be carried out by all the partners or by any of them acting for all the partners. Every partner is an agent of the firm. He can act on behalf of the firm. He is responsible for his acts and also for the acts done on behalf of the other partners.

Profit-sharing: There should be an agreement among the partners to share the profits or losses of the business. It is not essential that all the partners must share losses also.

Present Indefinite Tense

 
āφāĻŽি āĻ­াāϤ āĻ–াāχ  - I eat rice.
āφāĻŽāϰা  āĻĢুāϟāĻŦāϞ  āĻ–েāϞি  - We play football.
āφāĻŽি āϤোāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϚিāύি  - I know you.
āϤাāϰা āĻŽিāώ্āϟি āĻ­াāϞোāĻŦাāϏে  - They like sweets.
āĻ—āϰু āĻĻুāϧ āĻĻে⧟ - Cows give milk.
āĻļে⧟াāϞāϰা āĻ—āϰ্āϤে āĻŦাāϏ āĻ•āϰে - Foxes live in the holes.
āĻļিāĻļুāϰা āφāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ āĻ•āϰে - Children like mangoes.

Wednesday, 27 May 2020

Pricing of issue of materials 04

Partnership || Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities

Wednesday, 2 October 2019

Economics MCQ Mock Test

Wednesday, 14 December 2016

Premium for goodwill In Bengali

 
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